# R&D Efficiency Regressions

## B1: Z → rd_efficiency (full)
- Dependent variable: `rd_efficiency`
- N = 693, Countries = 41, R² = 0.1009, ρ = 0.990

| Variable | Coefficient | Std Error | Sig |
|:---------|:------------|:----------|:----|
| Z_1 | -0.3834 | 3.7928 |  |
| Z_2 | 0.2610 | 0.5404 |  |
| Z_3 | -0.0154 | 0.0214 |  |
| rgdp_growth | 0.0043 | 0.0024 | * |
| kaopen | -0.0020 | 0.0315 |  |
| log_gdp_pc | 0.1588 | 0.2138 |  |

## B2: old_dep → rd_efficiency
- Dependent variable: `rd_efficiency`
- N = 693, Countries = 41, R² = 0.1204, ρ = 0.983

| Variable | Coefficient | Std Error | Sig |
|:---------|:------------|:----------|:----|
| old_dep | -3.9271 | 1.6170 | ** |
| rgdp_growth | 0.0021 | 0.0023 |  |
| kaopen | -0.0019 | 0.0315 |  |
| log_gdp_pc | 0.5719 | 0.1455 | *** |

## B3: Z → rd_efficiency (OECD)
- Dependent variable: `rd_efficiency`
- N = 367, Countries = 16, R² = -0.0757, ρ = 0.990

| Variable | Coefficient | Std Error | Sig |
|:---------|:------------|:----------|:----|
| Z_1 | -5.7998 | 6.2601 |  |
| Z_2 | 0.8408 | 0.8368 |  |
| Z_3 | -0.0340 | 0.0316 |  |
| rgdp_growth | 0.0023 | 0.0031 |  |
| kaopen | 0.0173 | 0.0398 |  |
| log_gdp_pc | -0.3510 | 0.3124 |  |

## B4: Z → rd_efficiency (non-OECD)
- Dependent variable: `rd_efficiency`
- N = 326, Countries = 25, R² = 0.1821, ρ = 0.984

| Variable | Coefficient | Std Error | Sig |
|:---------|:------------|:----------|:----|
| Z_1 | 2.1062 | 5.2219 |  |
| Z_2 | -0.1771 | 0.7778 |  |
| Z_3 | 0.0047 | 0.0320 |  |
| rgdp_growth | 0.0064 | 0.0037 | * |
| kaopen | -0.0133 | 0.0484 |  |
| log_gdp_pc | 0.3324 | 0.3100 |  |

## B5-7: Z → rd_efficiency (Low income)
- Dependent variable: `rd_efficiency`
- N = 83, Countries = 10, R² = 0.1947, ρ = 0.936

| Variable | Coefficient | Std Error | Sig |
|:---------|:------------|:----------|:----|
| Z_1 | 8.1565 | 10.6970 |  |
| Z_2 | -1.3650 | 1.6837 |  |
| Z_3 | 0.0628 | 0.0729 |  |
| rgdp_growth | -0.0065 | 0.0103 |  |
| kaopen | -0.0838 | 0.1381 |  |
| log_gdp_pc | 1.1205 | 0.6824 |  |

## B5-7: Z → rd_efficiency (Mid income)
- Dependent variable: `rd_efficiency`
- N = 185, Countries = 17, R² = -0.0114, ρ = 0.884

| Variable | Coefficient | Std Error | Sig |
|:---------|:------------|:----------|:----|
| Z_1 | 2.2153 | 4.5682 |  |
| Z_2 | -0.2031 | 0.6574 |  |
| Z_3 | 0.0048 | 0.0266 |  |
| rgdp_growth | 0.0108 | 0.0048 | ** |
| kaopen | 0.0458 | 0.0574 |  |
| log_gdp_pc | 0.2369 | 0.2297 |  |

## B5-7: Z → rd_efficiency (High income)
- Dependent variable: `rd_efficiency`
- N = 425, Countries = 22, R² = -0.0028, ρ = 0.990

| Variable | Coefficient | Std Error | Sig |
|:---------|:------------|:----------|:----|
| Z_1 | -4.3516 | 5.3892 |  |
| Z_2 | 0.6007 | 0.7413 |  |
| Z_3 | -0.0238 | 0.0286 |  |
| rgdp_growth | 0.0018 | 0.0032 |  |
| kaopen | 0.0002 | 0.0351 |  |
| log_gdp_pc | -0.1214 | 0.3265 |  |

## B8: Z → log(patents/researcher)
- Dependent variable: `log_patents_per_researcher`
- N = 537, Countries = 38, R² = -0.0182, ρ = 0.990

| Variable | Coefficient | Std Error | Sig |
|:---------|:------------|:----------|:----|
| Z_1 | 2.3316 | 5.1372 |  |
| Z_2 | -0.3356 | 0.7145 |  |
| Z_3 | 0.0132 | 0.0278 |  |
| rgdp_growth | 0.0011 | 0.0028 |  |
| kaopen | 0.0377 | 0.0391 |  |
| log_gdp_pc | -0.2360 | 0.2601 |  |
